1.2. SODDQ - SOD Questionnaire
Self–Other Distinction Difficulties Questionnaire (SODDQ)
Individual differences in SOD capacities have been observed in various psychiatric disorders and are empirically evidenced using experimental paradigms that induce egocentric and altercentric biases. To develop a more practical and ecological measure of SOD, we—a multicentric international team investigating SOD in borderline personality disorder—created a self-report questionnaire (SODDQ) to capture everyday life manifestations of SOD. The items range from well-functioning SOD to clinically dysfunctional SOD.
To measure distinct components of SOD, the SOD-SRQ includes several subscales. The main four subscales are based on the intersection of two factors: the direction of self-other influence (self-to-other vs. other-to-self) and the domain of influence (emotional vs. cognitive). A fifth subscale measures self-other awareness, which assesses awareness (or confusion) about the difference between one’s own and others’ mental states.
Preprint
Bukowski*, H., Pronizius*, E., Bigot, A., Bogaerts, A., Horký, M., Golab, D., Lamm, C., Luyten, P., & De Meulemeester, C. (2026). Introducing the Self–Other Distinction Difficulties Questionnaire (SODDQ): Scale development and validation in a US sample. https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/xjgsc
Lead: Univ.-Prof. Henryk Bukowski henryk.bukowski(at)uclouvain.be
Translation into Other Languages: Survey validation in other languages will be conducted after the final, shorter set of items and the factor structure, based on the English version, are finalized. If you would like to translate the SODDQ into your language, we will notify you once the shortened English version is ready. Researchers interested in translating the survey will be asked to submit a short research proposal, including the expected timeline and any additional measures they intend to use.
Media and Collaboration Requests: Please forward all inquiries to ekaterina.pronizius(at)univie.ac.at.
Ongoing Collaborations
| Team | Language | Links | Last update |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bukowski et al. | English | https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/xjgsc | 12.09.2026 |
| Horký et al. | Czech | https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/46CE8 | 2025 |
| Van Damme et al. | Dutch | https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NKMWE | 2025 |
| Preti et al. | Italian | In preparation | 2025 |
| Pronizius et al. | German | In preparation | 2025 |